Hydrosphere

From Wikipedia, "The hydrosphere in physical geography describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet."

Buttermilk Falls in Beaver County. Homewood Sandstone (link is external), a common building material in 19th century western Pennsylvania, was quarried on the site.

Buttermilk Falls (Beaver County)

Wycoff Run Waterfall in Cameron County, PA.

Wycoff Run

Small stream cutting through Shingletown Gap near State College.

A roaring run

PAESTA member Dave Curry came across an exciting prehistoric find on an exposed limestone outcrop while he and group of PAESTA members explored the Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Remediation Project along the North Fork of the Montour Run.  Members of PAESTA were exploring this site as part of the K12 Teacher Weekend field trip during the 2017 NE/NC Joint GSA Conference in Pittsburgh.  This edge-on cross section of a Paleozoec horn coral was deposited in a warm, shallow sea sometime in the late Ordovician or Permian, some 251 to 488 million years ago.  Horn corals, which are distantly related to jellyfish, are solitary corals that are now extinct, as they died out during the Great Permian Extinction (The Great Dying).  This greatest of mass extinctions wiped out 96% of all marine species and 70% of all land species.  Thanks to the Montour Run Watershed Association (http://www.MRWA.info (link is external)) and Karen Rose Cercone of IUP for organizing the trip!

Note: This fossil-rich limestone may have been unearthed (not in its original site of deposition) and moved during coal extraction in this strip and deep mining coal area.

Full Taxonomic CLassification:

Domain: Eukarya

Kindom: Animal (Animalia)

Phylum: Cnidaria (Coelenterata)

Class: Anthozoa

Subclass: Zoantharia (Hexacorallia)

Order: Rugosa (rugose means wrinkled, which describes the outside horn shape)

Family: Zaphrentidae

Genus: Heliophyllum

 

 

Horn_Coral

Naturally acidic tannic acid-stained waters downstream of Black Moshannon Lake.

Black Moshannon Creek

Artificially constructed wetlands due to ones destroyed during the construction of I-99 in Pennsylvania.

Julian Wetlands

Bear Run, coursing through the woods of Fayette County. In the background, Pottsville formation rocks (http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=PAPAp;6) like those used in the exterior of Frank Lloyd Wright's iconic Fallingwater.

Bear Run

My 8th grade Earth Science students requested this image from the International Space Station's EarthKAM camera during the April, 2016 EarthKAM Mission.  During the time of the photograph, a cool, clear high pressure system was situated over the northeastern United States, making for excellent viewing opportunities.  If you teach science, the EarthKAM program is a free NASA resource you really should look into.  More info can be found here: https://www.earthkam.org.  The actual image is hosted on the EarthKAM servers, which are managed by the US Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.  If you click the picture link, there are opportunities to download this an other images at various resolutions:   http://images.earthkam.org/main.php?g2_itemId=588076  By clicking the "next image" and "previous image" buttons, you can sometimes view excellent overlapping images taken by the ISS as it orbited Earth at an astounding speed of 17,000 mph, close to 5 miles a second!  There are at least two April, 2016 EarthKAM images which caught the PSU campus and surrounding countryside.  Plenty of other excellent pictures of Earth from this and other EarthKAM missions going back nearly a decade.  Check them out in the EarthKAM image galleries.

One of the more interesting things that you can do with these EarthKAM images is to compare them with the images hosted by Google Earth to see change over time.  To make that easier, here is a Google Maps link to the EarthKAM image discussed in this post  (works best with Chrome browser).

PSU's Happy Valley From Space (ISS) EarthKAM

You may have driven by several of these, but this image provides us a unique perspective from the air of one of the many refineries located along the Delaware River in Philadelphia.

Refinery along the Delaware River

This photo was taken during a program offered by the Tiadaghton State Forest staff, titled "Marcellus Shale and Natural Gas Development on Pennsylvania State Forest Lands."  The program was part of the National Association of Geoscience Teachers Eastern Section Conference.  This is one of several freshwater retention ponds that holds millions of gallons of water in the Tiadaghton State Forest.  The bottom of the pond is lined with a material containing sensors that send an alert signal if a tear develops somewhere in the lining.  Visit the PA DCNR website to learn more about Natural Gas Development and State Forests.

Freshwater impoundment in Tiadaghton State Forest

Pages